we bring to you the top 5 upcoming programming languages and their books and tutorials.
Dart is an open-source Web programming language developed by Google. It was unveiled at the GOTO conference in Aarhus, 2011 October 10–12. The goal of Dart is "ultimately to replace JavaScript as the lingua franca of web development on the open web platform." Dart is intended to address JavaScript's problems (which Google's engineers felt could not be solved by evolving the language) while offering better performance, the ability "to be more easily tooled for large-scale projects" and better security features. Google works on Dart to help it build more complex, full-featured client-side Web applications.
It will help the Web applications to hold thousands of lines of codes and it has all the potential to become the new vernacular of Web programming.
Similar to JavaScript, Dart uses C-like syntax and keywords. The only difference is that while JavaScript is a prototype-based language while objects in Dart are defined using classes and interfaces like we do in C++ or Java.
References
Dart for Hipsters
Dart: Up and Running
What is Dart?
Dart in Action
The Ceylon Project is an upcoming programming language and SDK, created by Red Hat. It is based on the Java programming language and when it is released, will run over the Java Virtual Machine.
The project is described to be what a language and SDK for business computing would look like if it were designed today, keeping in mind the successes and failures of the Java language and Java SE SDK. The project has been referred to by industry analysts as a "Java killer", though Gavin King of Red Hat himself reject this term. King is best known as the creator of the Hibernate object-relational mapping framework for Java. He likes Java, but he thinks it leaves lots of room for improvement. No Ceylon tools yet although King says to expect a compiler this year. Ceylon is still not ready to anchor a large project as of now but it's worth an early look.
References:
Ceylon-lang refernence
Ceylon - the language and its tools
Go, which is popularly known as Golang, is an open source, compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent system programming language. It was first designed and developed at Google Inc. beginning in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson.
The language was officially announced in November 2009 and is now used in some of Google's production systems. Go's "gc" compiler targets the Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Plan 9, and Microsoft Windows operating systems and the i386, amd64, and ARM processor architectures.
It is a general-purpose programming language suitable for everything from application development to systems programing. In that sense, it's more like C or C++ than Java or C#. Although Go is still a work in progress and the language specifications might change in future but you can start working with it today. Google has made tools for the same.
References:
An Introduction To Programming In GO
Programming in Go
The Go Programming Language Phrasebook
Effective Go Tutorial
F# (pronounced F Sharp) is an open-source, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language encompassing functional, imperative and object-oriented programming techniques. F# is most often used as a cross-platform CLI language, but can also be used to generate JavaScript and GPU code.
F# is developed by the F# Software Foundation, Microsoft and open contributors. An open source, cross-platform edition of F# is available from the F# Software Foundation. F# is also a fully supported language in Visual Studio. Other tools supporting F# development include Mono, MonoDevelop, SharpDevelop and the WebSharper tools for JavaScript and HTML5 web programming.
F# originated as a variant of ML and has been influenced by OCaml, C#, Python, Haskell, Scala and Erlang. Microsoft has already created the F# compiler together with the core library available under the Apache open source license. One can start working on it right away for free and even use it on Mac and Linux systems (via the Mono runtime).
References:
Programming F# 3.0, 2nd Edition
Expert F# 2.0
Programming F#
Fantom is a general purpose object-oriented programming language created by Brian and Andy Frank that runs on the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), JavaScript, and the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) (.NET support is considered "prototype" status). Its primary design goal is to provide a standard library API that abstracts away the question of whether the code will ultimately run on the JRE or CLR. Like C# and Java, Fantom uses a curly brace syntax. The language supports functional programming through closures and concurrency through the Actor model. Fantom takes a "middle of the road" approach to its type system, blending together aspects of both static and dynamic typing.
Fantom is open source under the Academic Free License 3.0 and is available for Windows and Unix-like platforms (including Mac OS X).
References:
Getting Started With Fantom
Guide To Evaluating Fantom
1. Dart
Dart is an open-source Web programming language developed by Google. It was unveiled at the GOTO conference in Aarhus, 2011 October 10–12. The goal of Dart is "ultimately to replace JavaScript as the lingua franca of web development on the open web platform." Dart is intended to address JavaScript's problems (which Google's engineers felt could not be solved by evolving the language) while offering better performance, the ability "to be more easily tooled for large-scale projects" and better security features. Google works on Dart to help it build more complex, full-featured client-side Web applications.
It will help the Web applications to hold thousands of lines of codes and it has all the potential to become the new vernacular of Web programming.
Similar to JavaScript, Dart uses C-like syntax and keywords. The only difference is that while JavaScript is a prototype-based language while objects in Dart are defined using classes and interfaces like we do in C++ or Java.
References
Dart for Hipsters
Dart: Up and Running
What is Dart?
Dart in Action
2. Ceylon
The Ceylon Project is an upcoming programming language and SDK, created by Red Hat. It is based on the Java programming language and when it is released, will run over the Java Virtual Machine.
The project is described to be what a language and SDK for business computing would look like if it were designed today, keeping in mind the successes and failures of the Java language and Java SE SDK. The project has been referred to by industry analysts as a "Java killer", though Gavin King of Red Hat himself reject this term. King is best known as the creator of the Hibernate object-relational mapping framework for Java. He likes Java, but he thinks it leaves lots of room for improvement. No Ceylon tools yet although King says to expect a compiler this year. Ceylon is still not ready to anchor a large project as of now but it's worth an early look.
References:
Ceylon-lang refernence
Ceylon - the language and its tools
3. Go
Go, which is popularly known as Golang, is an open source, compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent system programming language. It was first designed and developed at Google Inc. beginning in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson.
The language was officially announced in November 2009 and is now used in some of Google's production systems. Go's "gc" compiler targets the Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Plan 9, and Microsoft Windows operating systems and the i386, amd64, and ARM processor architectures.
It is a general-purpose programming language suitable for everything from application development to systems programing. In that sense, it's more like C or C++ than Java or C#. Although Go is still a work in progress and the language specifications might change in future but you can start working with it today. Google has made tools for the same.
References:
An Introduction To Programming In GO
Programming in Go
The Go Programming Language Phrasebook
Effective Go Tutorial
4. F#
F# (pronounced F Sharp) is an open-source, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language encompassing functional, imperative and object-oriented programming techniques. F# is most often used as a cross-platform CLI language, but can also be used to generate JavaScript and GPU code.
F# is developed by the F# Software Foundation, Microsoft and open contributors. An open source, cross-platform edition of F# is available from the F# Software Foundation. F# is also a fully supported language in Visual Studio. Other tools supporting F# development include Mono, MonoDevelop, SharpDevelop and the WebSharper tools for JavaScript and HTML5 web programming.
F# originated as a variant of ML and has been influenced by OCaml, C#, Python, Haskell, Scala and Erlang. Microsoft has already created the F# compiler together with the core library available under the Apache open source license. One can start working on it right away for free and even use it on Mac and Linux systems (via the Mono runtime).
References:
Programming F# 3.0, 2nd Edition
Expert F# 2.0
Programming F#
5. Fantom
Fantom is a general purpose object-oriented programming language created by Brian and Andy Frank that runs on the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), JavaScript, and the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) (.NET support is considered "prototype" status). Its primary design goal is to provide a standard library API that abstracts away the question of whether the code will ultimately run on the JRE or CLR. Like C# and Java, Fantom uses a curly brace syntax. The language supports functional programming through closures and concurrency through the Actor model. Fantom takes a "middle of the road" approach to its type system, blending together aspects of both static and dynamic typing.
Fantom is open source under the Academic Free License 3.0 and is available for Windows and Unix-like platforms (including Mac OS X).
References:
Getting Started With Fantom
Guide To Evaluating Fantom
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