This blog will helpful for computer science and engineering and information technology students. They can easily upgrade their Technical knowledge.
Friday, 27 December 2013
Microsoft launches women’s safety app
Sunday, 15 December 2013
Interesting And Lesser Known Facts About Google!
Google is indeed an inseparable part of everyone's life today. let's accept that we all are curious to know interesting things about the company, which has brought big things like, Google search and Android. So, we bring to you 40 interesting facts to bring you closer to 'our favourite' Google!
1. The Google Guys, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, met first in 1995 at Stanford University when Sergey was asked to show Larry around the school. Google was first created as a private company on 4 September, 1998, and its first initial public offering was held on 19 August, 2004.
2. A Google employee is termed as a Googler, while they like to call a new employee “Noogler.”
3. Based on Alexa, Google is the Internet’s most used website globally.
4. Google aims to organise the world’s information and “make it universally accessible and useful.”
5.The earlier version of Google which was developed at Stanford could only analyse 30-50 pages a second. Today, the count has increased to millions of pages per second.
6. Google was sued by a former Google sales executive, Christina Elwell, on the grounds of job discrimination, when she was pregnant with quadruplets. The court granted Google's request to move the case to arbitration rather than to a public trial.
7. Creators Page and Brin thought if of naming Google as "What Box." However, Brin thought that it sounded similar to "wet box," which sounds like some kind of porn.
8. Critics opine that the Internet might still be in its pre-Hellenistic Age sans Google.
9. During the Egyptian crisis in 2011-2012, Google launched its special service, which allowed people with no Internet to send tweets by dialing a phone number and dropping a voicemail. The voicemail was automatically translated as messages on Twitter.
10. Facebook users spend the most minutes on the Internet, with over 250 billion minutes in a month. This data is for the month of May 2011. Microsoft and Google came in second and third with 204 billion and 200 billion minutes, respectively.
11. A fellow graduate Sean Anderson asked Page and Brin to name their site as 'Googolplex'. Page thought they should shorten it to 'Googol,' which means number 1 followed by 100 zeroes. Anderson mistyped 'Googol' as 'Google,' which was an available name. The name reflects Google’s mission to organise the massive amounts of information on the web.
12. Google CEO Eric Schmidt got into controversy when he told Google users that the future of the web is headed towards complete transparency and no anonymity. He said that if Google looked at a person’s messaging and a person’s location, it could predict where a person will go. Additionally, according to Schmidt, if a person has just 14 photos on the Internet, Google could accurately identify the person.
13. Schmidt raised eyebrows when in a 2011 interview, he said that he doesn’t think people want Google to answer their questions, rather they want Google to “tell them what they should be doing next.”
14. Google is criticised by its competitors that it manipulates its search results, it uses others’ intellectual properties, it consumes big amount of computer energy, and for monopoly, antitrust, and restraint of trade issues. The company is also criticised for promoting sexism and ageism.
15. Google has on-campus daycare centers for the children of the employees. These are based on a philosophy called Reggio Emilia, which is a self-directed learning program. In 2008, the company realised that they are spending $37,000 on each child per year, where as getting a PhD in Computer Science at Stanford costs $34,000 a year.
16. Google has reduced its tax rates by billions of dollars by intelligently taking advantage of offshore tax havens such as Ireland and Bermuda. Top corporate income tax in the U.S. is 35 per cent. Where as in Ireland, it's only 12.5 per cent, and in Bermuda it’s zero.
17. Google Inc.’s first employee was Craig Silverstein, a fellow computer science graduate student at Stanford. He was hired September 1998. He currently serves as director of technology at Google.
18. Google was originated at the Stanford School of Engineering with an attempt to catalog and analyse the World Wide Web. The process first ran at Stanford with the user name “google.stanford.edu.”
19. Google, on an estimate, generates approximately 20 petabytes of user-generated data every day. 1 petabyte is approximately 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes.
20. Google hires goats to eat brush and reduce fire hazard in fields at their California Mountain View headquarters.
21. About 1 million computers are used for Google's operation and about 1 billion search requests are handled every day.
22. Google is a dog-friendly company as per its Code of Conduct. They state in a quirky way, that it is a “dog company...as a rule we feel cats visiting our offices would be fairly stressed out.”
23. Google’s first-ever Twitter post was: “I’m 01100110 01100101 01100101 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01101100 01110101 01100011 01101011 01111001 00001010."in February 2004. Which is binary for “I’m feeling lucky.”
24. Google started the tradition of April Fool jokes in April 2000, when it brought the “MentalPlex,” which said Google has ability to read a person’s mind as he visualises the search results he wants.
25. If you use are using Google Calendar, "Google knows more about you than your mother." Google know your schedule, all the books you’ve read on Google Books, all the videos you have watched on YouTube. Google also remember all your search queries, the date and time of every request, your IP address, your SMS messages, your browser and its set language, the cookies used for advertising services, and third-party application data. Scared yet?
26. In the year 1998, the Google's homepage used a Yahoo like exclamation mark in its logo.
27. In the year 2007, the Forbes magazine showcased Google as the best place to work in the U.S.
28. In the year 2007, Google with NORAD decided to follow Santa Claus on Christmas Eve using Google Earth in 3D.
29. In the year 2010, Google accepted that in the previous three years, they have mistakenly collected the data sent by people over unencrypted wi-fi networks.
30. In January 2003, the American Dialect Society said that the word 'Google' is the is the most useful Word for 2002.
31. In June 2006, Google was added as a verb in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED).
32. Google received a record 75,000 job applications for 6,000 openings in one week in February 2011.
33. Remember “Googolplex,” which was earlier being considered by Larry Page and Sergey Brin as the name of the company, which means 10 to the power of googol. The name was later adopted the for their corporate campus in Mountain View, California.
34. Page and Brin decided that the total number of words on the homepage of Google should not exceed 28.
35. Not willing to leave the school to devote time to their new search engine, Page and Brin tried to sell google.com for $1 million to AltaVista. Fortunately, Alta Vista was shut down and Google had by then surpassed other search engines.
36. The “Chief Culture Officer” is actually a job title at Google and his or her main job is to retain the unique culture of the company, which includes flat organisation, lack of hierarchy, a collaborative environment, and keeping Googlers happy.
37. The authors of 'A Billion Wicked Thoughts' crunched some data from Google, Bing, and Yahoo! ranking the most popular sex terms used for search. The top 10 terms were: 1. youth (13.5 per cent) 2. gay (4.7 per cent) 3. MILFs (4.3 per cent) 4. breasts (4 per cent) 5. cheating wives (3.4 per cent) 6. vaginas (2.8 per cent) 7. penises (2.4 per cent) 8. amateurs 9. mature 10. animation.
38. Google was pressurised by the U.S. government to provide Google usage records for further investigations into online pornography.
39. Googleplex have Google bikes parked throughout the campus that employees can hop on and ride. None of these bikes are locked and employees can simply take them whenever they need them. Google is also known for its "20 per cent time," which states that one day a week employees can take simply to work on something that interests them.
40. After introducing “Did you mean...” feature, Google's site traffic doubled.
Saturday, 14 December 2013
7 Apps To Help You Run Windows Programs On Another OS
So you have switched to another operating system, but still miss some of your favourite programs on Windows? Here are 7 app to help your run Windows program on your current platform!
We agree that popularity of Linux based OSes are spreading like wildfire, and many others are opting for Mac OS as well. But let's face it, Windows is still the most used operating system for desktops and laptops. And if you are also a Windows user who is willing to switch to another platform but is held back by your favourite Windows applications, here's a good news. There are certain different methods available to bring your Windows applications to your current OS.
One option is to go for dual booting on Linux or you can simply install the following apps. These applications will allow you to install and run your favourite Windows applications on Linux operating systems line GNU/Linux, Ubuntu, BSD and even on platforms like Mac OS X.
1. Wine
Started in 1993, Wine is an open source project. The project is developed and maintained by the community under the coordination of Alexandre Julliard.
The already popular app is compatibility layer between Windows programs and the operating system. It converts Windows API calls to POSIX calls, thus allowing integration of Windows applications to POSIX-compliant OS (Mac OS X, GNU/Linux, and BSD). Rather than an emulator or virtual machine, it is a reimplementation of Win32 API.
The app basically supports Windows XP, but support for newer versions of Windows is actively included in its new releases. Wine supports 32-bit architecture; support for 64-bit architecture is still under development. It allows you to run programs like MS Office, Windows Media Player, Adobe Photoshop, Max Payne, and several other games and applications.
2. CrossOver
CrossOver is the commercialized and supported version of Wine for Linux and Mac OS X. The proprietary software comes with out-of-the-box support for many commercial Windows applications like MS Office, MS Outlook, MS .NET Framework, Adobe Lightroom, DirectX, etc.
You can also play games like Counter Strike, Diablo, StartCraft, Half Life, World of Warcraft via this. Though Wine is a free alternative, CrossOver, provided by CodeWeavers, is a better choice for professionals and organizations who want to run particular software on Linux or Mac OS X.
3. Play On Linux
While Wine and CrossOver both provide support for a lot of applications with Wine, you are required to customize settings for the particular app, and for CrossOver you have to fork out money for it. PlayOnLinux is a nice alternative for both.
PlayOnLinux is a graphical front-end for Wine compatibility layer. It simplifies the installation of Windows apps and especially games on GNU/Linux by auto-configuring Wine. It provides wrapper shell scripts to specify the configuration of Wine for any particular software. It also uses an online database of scripts to apply for different programs, and a manual installation can be performed if the script is not available.
4. Wine Bottler
WineBottler is an app packager, which means it packages Windows-based applications into Mac app-bundles. The name suggests that it is connected to Wine, which is basically how you can run Windows programs with it on your Mac. To use it, install it. That’s it.
Click the Install button in WineBottler and it will take care of the rest. It comes with handy scripts that take care of downloading, installing, and configuring an application for you. WineBottler can pack your Windows .exe software into Mac .app package and convert .exe or .msi into an app. It even provides options to install special dependencies.
5. PlayOnMac
Like PlayOnLinux, PlayOnMac is a graphical software built on top of Wine. It aims to ease the installation of Windows programs and games on Mac OS.
You can use PlayOnMac to easily install many apps and games on Mac OS, without the need of making changes to Wine’s configuration for that particular program. PlayOnMac takes care of Wine’s settings so that you don’t have to configure them manually, and you can enjoy using the software or game.
6. Q4Wine
Q4Wine is a QT4 graphical user interface for the Wine compatibility layer. It’s available for GNU/Linux and FreeBSD. It helps you to manage Wine prefixes and installed applications in an easy-to-use graphical interface.
Q4Wine lets you easily handle tasks for creating and managing Wine prefixes, controlling Wine processes, making backup of prefixes, and many more tasks that would otherwise not be as easy to handle.
7. Wineskin
Wineskin, which also uses Wine to run Windows applications, is a porting tool. It allows you to port Windows applications in Mac application bundle wrappers, which can then run on Mac OS X and even shared with other Mac users. It works with Snow Leopard, Lion and Mountain Lion.
Wineskin uses a customized version of X Window System, known as WineskinX11, to provide the graphical user interface for Windows programs on the Mac OS X. Once you have created a Mac application bundle of any Windows program, you can easily run it on your Mac OS X just like any other native software. For more info, check out the documentation.
Tuesday, 10 December 2013
Creating Your Own Run Commands. .
There is no doubt that Microsoft Windows is the most widely used operating system in all parts of the world. Apart from being simple to use, it is quite rich in features as well, which makes our lives quite easy.
The Run command available on Windows operating system is one such power packed feature that lets you to open a document or an application instantly with the help of just 1 command. So, rather than clicking several icons or using multiple commands, you can use the Run command to open any program or document instantly.
But, do you know how to create your own run commands? Well, it is really easy, which involves just few steps. Through this article, I will help you understand how to access your favorite applications by creating custom Run commands.
Open Run Command
Before I show you how to create your own Run commands, let’s take a quick look on how to open Run Command. First of all, you need to open the Run window by just pressing the Windows Key along with the R key, i.e. Windows + R. Now, you have to type the name of the program that you desire to open up or execute. Unfortunately, not all programs can be accessed through this method. So, let me show you how to create Run commands that do not come as inbuilt commands.
Step 1. The first step is to select the software or application for which you want to make custom Run command. For example, let us consider Google Chrome as the example here. Remember, you can choose any application other than which is already there in the Run command.
Step 2. In the second step, right click on the desktop of your computer system and make a new shortcut.
Right click > New > Shortcut
Step 3. As you select the Shortcut option in the 2nd Step, it will open up a dialog box. And, the dialog box will ask you path of the application or software for which you want to create the Run command.
Step 4. Now, you need to browse through the files and choose the one that shows “chrome.exe”. Well, it is quite obvious that all the executable files can be found in the C drive (or wherever the Operating System has been installed), inside the folder “Program Files”.
For example, “C:\Program Files\Google Chrome\chrome.exe”
Step 5. Once you are done with Step number 4, just click on “Next” button and simply provide a relative name to that shortcut. Remember, the same name will be used later in the Run command.
For example, “GC” for Google Chrome
Step 6. Now, click on the “Finish” button. Once it is done, an icon related to that application or software will show up on your computer’s screen. It means that the process of creating shortcut has been done successfully.
Step 7. In this step, just cut and paste that recently made shortcut icon into your computer’s root drive, in its Windows folder.
For example, C:\ Windows , Make sure you are the administrator of the computer or have its password.
Step 8. Now, you are done with the set up and can run the application through Run Command. Just go to Run and enter the keyword “GC”, and Google Chrome will begin executing.
How To Play Java Games On PC
Java games are very popular after Android apps and games. Number of people owning a java(j2me) enable mobile phone are good in number because Java enabled phone are cheap and affordable.It was not possible to play java games on your pc but after the launch of KEmulator.
What Is Kemulator ?
This software is a mobile game emulator which can emulate java mobile games and apps of ‘jar format’ on your Windows PC. It supports OpenGL Graphics Acceleration and MIDP 2.0.
How it works
Kemulator Lite acts as a mobile phone on your PC. This tool allows users to transfer its mobile Java games to their desktop without installing them, you only have to run this program and select your phone operating system. KEmulator Lite loads JAR files and supports any type of Java game in order to offer users the possibility of playing any application. This utility has multiple graphic engine support, both in 2D and 3D being able to run even the strictest games. This program is also a video recorder in which you will be able to capture videos in AVI format and keep sequences of your favourite games. You can also save images of games.
Download Kemulator :
It is important that the latest version of JAVA JRE (also called JAVA Runtime Environment) should be installed on your PC. If not, then you can download JAVA JRE from below links:
Java Runtime Environment Latest Version (32-bit)
Java Runtime Environment Latest Version(64-bit)
You can download the latest version of KEmulator for your Windows PC from the download link given below:
Free downloadKEmulator(v0.9.8)
Size: 2.51MB
Minimum System Requirements :
OS: Windows XP/Vista/Windows 7/8
RAM:256 MB
Graphics: OPEN GL
Extra Plugins: JAVA JRE
How To Install :
- Run the executable file downloaded from the above link to start the installation wizard.
- Click Next button to continue and then it is better to change the destination folder to a drive other than ‘C’, because it runs better in other drives and crashes rarely.
- Then complete the installation by going through the installation wizard and get ready to launch your favourite J2ME Applications on your PC.
How To Launch Java Games :
In the Midlet of the menu bar click Load Jar and then browse for the java application or game you want to launch.
Limitation of emulator :
It is not possible to run those apps which uses internet or which need to access phone data/memory.
Tuesday, 3 December 2013
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CORE I3, CORE I5, CORE I7...??
-> Core i3:
- Entry level processor.
- 2-4 Cores * 4 Threads
- Hyper-Threading (efficient use of processor resources)
- 3-4 MB Cache
- 32 nm Silicon (less heat and energy)
-> Core i5:
- Mid range processor.
- 2-4 Cores
- 4 Threads
- Turbo Mode (turn off core if not used)
- Hyper-Threading (efficient use of processor resources)
- 3-8 MB Cache
- 32-45 nm Silicon (less heat and energy)
-> Core i7:
- High end processor.
- 4 Cores
- 8 Threads
- Turbo Mode (turn off core if not used)
- Hyper-Threading (efficient use of processor resources)
- 4-8 MB Cache
- 32-45 nm Silicon (less heat and energy)
Top 5 upcoming programming Languages and their Books and Tutorials.
we bring to you the top 5 upcoming programming languages and their books and tutorials.
Dart is an open-source Web programming language developed by Google. It was unveiled at the GOTO conference in Aarhus, 2011 October 10–12. The goal of Dart is "ultimately to replace JavaScript as the lingua franca of web development on the open web platform." Dart is intended to address JavaScript's problems (which Google's engineers felt could not be solved by evolving the language) while offering better performance, the ability "to be more easily tooled for large-scale projects" and better security features. Google works on Dart to help it build more complex, full-featured client-side Web applications.
It will help the Web applications to hold thousands of lines of codes and it has all the potential to become the new vernacular of Web programming.
Similar to JavaScript, Dart uses C-like syntax and keywords. The only difference is that while JavaScript is a prototype-based language while objects in Dart are defined using classes and interfaces like we do in C++ or Java.
References
Dart for Hipsters
Dart: Up and Running
What is Dart?
Dart in Action
The Ceylon Project is an upcoming programming language and SDK, created by Red Hat. It is based on the Java programming language and when it is released, will run over the Java Virtual Machine.
The project is described to be what a language and SDK for business computing would look like if it were designed today, keeping in mind the successes and failures of the Java language and Java SE SDK. The project has been referred to by industry analysts as a "Java killer", though Gavin King of Red Hat himself reject this term. King is best known as the creator of the Hibernate object-relational mapping framework for Java. He likes Java, but he thinks it leaves lots of room for improvement. No Ceylon tools yet although King says to expect a compiler this year. Ceylon is still not ready to anchor a large project as of now but it's worth an early look.
References:
Ceylon-lang refernence
Ceylon - the language and its tools
Go, which is popularly known as Golang, is an open source, compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent system programming language. It was first designed and developed at Google Inc. beginning in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson.
The language was officially announced in November 2009 and is now used in some of Google's production systems. Go's "gc" compiler targets the Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Plan 9, and Microsoft Windows operating systems and the i386, amd64, and ARM processor architectures.
It is a general-purpose programming language suitable for everything from application development to systems programing. In that sense, it's more like C or C++ than Java or C#. Although Go is still a work in progress and the language specifications might change in future but you can start working with it today. Google has made tools for the same.
References:
An Introduction To Programming In GO
Programming in Go
The Go Programming Language Phrasebook
Effective Go Tutorial
F# (pronounced F Sharp) is an open-source, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language encompassing functional, imperative and object-oriented programming techniques. F# is most often used as a cross-platform CLI language, but can also be used to generate JavaScript and GPU code.
F# is developed by the F# Software Foundation, Microsoft and open contributors. An open source, cross-platform edition of F# is available from the F# Software Foundation. F# is also a fully supported language in Visual Studio. Other tools supporting F# development include Mono, MonoDevelop, SharpDevelop and the WebSharper tools for JavaScript and HTML5 web programming.
F# originated as a variant of ML and has been influenced by OCaml, C#, Python, Haskell, Scala and Erlang. Microsoft has already created the F# compiler together with the core library available under the Apache open source license. One can start working on it right away for free and even use it on Mac and Linux systems (via the Mono runtime).
References:
Programming F# 3.0, 2nd Edition
Expert F# 2.0
Programming F#
Fantom is a general purpose object-oriented programming language created by Brian and Andy Frank that runs on the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), JavaScript, and the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) (.NET support is considered "prototype" status). Its primary design goal is to provide a standard library API that abstracts away the question of whether the code will ultimately run on the JRE or CLR. Like C# and Java, Fantom uses a curly brace syntax. The language supports functional programming through closures and concurrency through the Actor model. Fantom takes a "middle of the road" approach to its type system, blending together aspects of both static and dynamic typing.
Fantom is open source under the Academic Free License 3.0 and is available for Windows and Unix-like platforms (including Mac OS X).
References:
Getting Started With Fantom
Guide To Evaluating Fantom
1. Dart
Dart is an open-source Web programming language developed by Google. It was unveiled at the GOTO conference in Aarhus, 2011 October 10–12. The goal of Dart is "ultimately to replace JavaScript as the lingua franca of web development on the open web platform." Dart is intended to address JavaScript's problems (which Google's engineers felt could not be solved by evolving the language) while offering better performance, the ability "to be more easily tooled for large-scale projects" and better security features. Google works on Dart to help it build more complex, full-featured client-side Web applications.
It will help the Web applications to hold thousands of lines of codes and it has all the potential to become the new vernacular of Web programming.
Similar to JavaScript, Dart uses C-like syntax and keywords. The only difference is that while JavaScript is a prototype-based language while objects in Dart are defined using classes and interfaces like we do in C++ or Java.
References
Dart for Hipsters
Dart: Up and Running
What is Dart?
Dart in Action
2. Ceylon
The Ceylon Project is an upcoming programming language and SDK, created by Red Hat. It is based on the Java programming language and when it is released, will run over the Java Virtual Machine.
The project is described to be what a language and SDK for business computing would look like if it were designed today, keeping in mind the successes and failures of the Java language and Java SE SDK. The project has been referred to by industry analysts as a "Java killer", though Gavin King of Red Hat himself reject this term. King is best known as the creator of the Hibernate object-relational mapping framework for Java. He likes Java, but he thinks it leaves lots of room for improvement. No Ceylon tools yet although King says to expect a compiler this year. Ceylon is still not ready to anchor a large project as of now but it's worth an early look.
References:
Ceylon-lang refernence
Ceylon - the language and its tools
3. Go
Go, which is popularly known as Golang, is an open source, compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent system programming language. It was first designed and developed at Google Inc. beginning in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson.
The language was officially announced in November 2009 and is now used in some of Google's production systems. Go's "gc" compiler targets the Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Plan 9, and Microsoft Windows operating systems and the i386, amd64, and ARM processor architectures.
It is a general-purpose programming language suitable for everything from application development to systems programing. In that sense, it's more like C or C++ than Java or C#. Although Go is still a work in progress and the language specifications might change in future but you can start working with it today. Google has made tools for the same.
References:
An Introduction To Programming In GO
Programming in Go
The Go Programming Language Phrasebook
Effective Go Tutorial
4. F#
F# (pronounced F Sharp) is an open-source, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language encompassing functional, imperative and object-oriented programming techniques. F# is most often used as a cross-platform CLI language, but can also be used to generate JavaScript and GPU code.
F# is developed by the F# Software Foundation, Microsoft and open contributors. An open source, cross-platform edition of F# is available from the F# Software Foundation. F# is also a fully supported language in Visual Studio. Other tools supporting F# development include Mono, MonoDevelop, SharpDevelop and the WebSharper tools for JavaScript and HTML5 web programming.
F# originated as a variant of ML and has been influenced by OCaml, C#, Python, Haskell, Scala and Erlang. Microsoft has already created the F# compiler together with the core library available under the Apache open source license. One can start working on it right away for free and even use it on Mac and Linux systems (via the Mono runtime).
References:
Programming F# 3.0, 2nd Edition
Expert F# 2.0
Programming F#
5. Fantom
Fantom is a general purpose object-oriented programming language created by Brian and Andy Frank that runs on the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), JavaScript, and the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) (.NET support is considered "prototype" status). Its primary design goal is to provide a standard library API that abstracts away the question of whether the code will ultimately run on the JRE or CLR. Like C# and Java, Fantom uses a curly brace syntax. The language supports functional programming through closures and concurrency through the Actor model. Fantom takes a "middle of the road" approach to its type system, blending together aspects of both static and dynamic typing.
Fantom is open source under the Academic Free License 3.0 and is available for Windows and Unix-like platforms (including Mac OS X).
References:
Getting Started With Fantom
Guide To Evaluating Fantom
Monday, 2 December 2013
Computer Devices & their Inventors
- Key board— Herman Hollerith first keypunch devices in 1930’s
- Transistor— John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley ( 1947-48)
- Integrated Circuit— Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce( 1958)
- Trackball— Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff (1952)
- Computer Mouse — Douglas Engelbart (1964)
- Microprocessor – Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor-Faggin, Hoff & Mazor(1971)
- Floppy Disk— Alan Shugart &IBM
- RAM— An Wang at Harvard University’s Computation Lab and Jay Forrester at MIT.1951
- Laser printer— Gary Starkweather at XEROX in 1969.
- Hard Disk— The IBM Model 350 Disk File by IBM in 1956(was the first hard disk drive and was part of the IBM 305 RAMAC computer that IBM started delivering in)
- First PC— the IBM 5100 Portable Computer by IBM
- First laptop— Grid Compass 1100 (called the GRiD) and was designed in 1979 by a British industrial designer, Bill Moggridge.
How Search Engines Works ?
Step 1 - Search Engines make use of software's called SPIDERS, which comb the internet looking for documents and their web addresses.
Step 2- The documents and addresses are collected and sent to the search engine's indexing software.
Step 3- The indexing software extracts information from the documents, storing it in a database.
Step 4- When you perform a search by entering keywords, the database is searched for documents that match.
Step 5- The search engine assembles a web page that lists the results as hypertext links.
Friday, 29 November 2013
Why is the name IPv6 and not IPv5 as successor for IPv4?
On any IP header, the first 4 bits are reserved for protocol version. So theoretically a protocol number between 0 and 15 is possible:
4: is already used for IPv4
5: is reserved for the Stream Protocol (STP, RFC 1819 / Internet Stream Protocol Version 2) (which never really made it to the public)
The next free number was 6.
Hence IPv6 was born !!!!!!!!!!!!!
Tuesday, 26 November 2013
How To Install Android on PC or Laptop
Android has a got very important place in our Tech World.Now in market you can get many devices running on Android like Smartphones to Tablets, Tablets to Camera and i can simply say that the major Portable device in the market are running on Android.But there is no PC running on Android, So if you want then you can run Android on your PC.
REQUIREMENTS:
- Android ROM File you can get any android version ROM file that you want to run. Here i Will be using Android 4.2 Jelly Bean: Download From here
- Virtual Box Software Download From here
Download all the things needed in this process and then go through the below step to install Android OS on you PC.
- After Downloading the Virtual Box.Install the Virtual Box on your System and while installing it may ask you to install a new network adapter so not to worry.
- Now Launch the Virtual Box and create a new virtual machine, this is going to be where you gonna run Android OS. Click on New button and after that name your machine. Now select Linux from Type Drop down list and then other Linux in version.Finally hit Next.
- Now set the memory Slider to 512 MB or more this is the RAM which Android OS will be using and click Next.
- Now create a virtual Hard Drive and click on Create. Select VDI and Click Next button and select the Fixed Size button also and final proceed by Clicking Next.
- Choose how much space do you want to allocate the Virtual Hard disk and also select the Location where do you want to create this disk. ( Recommended : 8Gb)
- Now Select the new virtual machine you created above.Then click on Settings button, then Click on Storage on the left hand side and at the last click on Empty entry in the Storage Tree.
- Now select Chose a Virtual CD/DVD disk file from right side menu.And Browser the Android ROM file that you downloaded and Click on open.Now your Virtual Machine by Clicking on the Start Button at the top Toolbar.
Now We Will Install the Android From its ROM file
- It will Show a Blue Installation Screen like below Screen Shot. Select the Last Option Installation by Scrolling down down from arrow keys and hit enter.
- Now Select the Create/Modify Partition option.And Select New at the bottom of the screen and press Enter key.Select Primary option and press enter to create a partition which will occupies your virtual drive.
- Now select the Boot able option and press enter, select the Write option and press enter, then type yes (to confirm) and press Enter again.Select Quit and choose the partion you created above and press Enter.
- Now you will be asked to choose the File System.Choose ext3 File System and select yes to confirm.
Now be patient as it will take some minutes to install Android, select yes to install it and select yes again to make the system directory writable.
Now Finally you will be Prompted a Congratulation screen showing that you have successfully installed Android OS.Now Just run Android OS by hitting enter.
Now you are done you installed the Android OS.Now just configure the OS for the first time and enjoy Android !!
NOTE:
Generally mouse pointer doesn't work in the android window. so do the following step-
- Disable Mouse Integration by pressing "Host+I".Host is Right Control Button.
OR
- Click the Machine option from the menu bar of the virtual box and select the Disable mouse integration .
If you find any difficulty in any of above steps feel free to comment below we will help you for sure. Don't forget to share this Awesome article with your friends!! :)
- Now set the memory Slider to 512 MB or more this is the RAM which Android OS will be using and click Next.
- Now create a virtual Hard Drive and click on Create. Select VDI and Click Next button and select the Fixed Size button also and final proceed by Clicking Next.
- Choose how much space do you want to allocate the Virtual Hard disk and also select the Location where do you want to create this disk. ( Recommended : 8Gb)
- Now Select the new virtual machine you created above.Then click on Settings button, then Click on Storage on the left hand side and at the last click on Empty entry in the Storage Tree.
- Now select Chose a Virtual CD/DVD disk file from right side menu.And Browser the Android ROM file that you downloaded and Click on open.Now your Virtual Machine by Clicking on the Start Button at the top Toolbar.
- It will Show a Blue Installation Screen like below Screen Shot. Select the Last Option Installation by Scrolling down down from arrow keys and hit enter.
- Now Select the Create/Modify Partition option.And Select New at the bottom of the screen and press Enter key.Select Primary option and press enter to create a partition which will occupies your virtual drive.
- Now select the Boot able option and press enter, select the Write option and press enter, then type yes (to confirm) and press Enter again.Select Quit and choose the partion you created above and press Enter.
- Now you will be asked to choose the File System.Choose ext3 File System and select yes to confirm.
Now you are done you installed the Android OS.Now just configure the OS for the first time and enjoy Android !!
NOTE:
Generally mouse pointer doesn't work in the android window. so do the following step-
- Disable Mouse Integration by pressing "Host+I".Host is Right Control Button.
OR
- Click the Machine option from the menu bar of the virtual box and select the Disable mouse integration .
If you find any difficulty in any of above steps feel free to comment below we will help you for sure. Don't forget to share this Awesome article with your friends!! :)
Saturday, 16 November 2013
Nokia Lumia 1020 with 41-MP camera now in India
Nokia Lumia 1020 with 41-MP camera now in India
Nokia has introduced a new smartphone, the Lumia 1020, with a powerful 41-megapixel camera in its latest bid to catch up with rivals Samsung Electronics Co Ltd and Apple Inc.
Unlike any smartphone in the market today the Nokia Lumia 1020 reinvents zoom, enabling people to discover more detail than the eye can see. With Nokia's innovative PureView technology, including optical image stabilization, the device is able to produce some of the sharpest images possible by any digital camera.
Using a new feature called dual capture, the Nokia Lumia 1020 simultaneously takes a high resolution 38 megapixel image for endless editing opportunities, and creates a 5 megapixel picture that is easy to share to social networks with Windows Phone 8. Powered by a 1.5 GHz dual-core Snapdragon S4 processor, the phone uses 4.5" AMOLED WXGA (1280x768) display with 2.5 D sculpted Corning Gorilla Glass 3, PureMotion HD+, ClearBlack, high brightness mode, sunlight readability, super sensitive touch and Nokia Glance Screen.
Now it is available in India for Rs. 49,999.
Sunday, 10 November 2013
List Of 105 Useful Websites
1. screenr.com – Record movies of your desktop and send them straight to YouTube.
2. bounceapp.com – For capturing full length screenshots of web pages.
3. Goo. gl – Shorten long URLs and convert URLs into QR codes.2. bounceapp.com – For capturing full length screenshots of web pages.
4. untiny.me – Find the original URLs that’s hiding behind a short URLs.
5. localti.me – Know more than just the local time of a city
6.copypastecharacter.com– Copy-paste special characters that aren’t on your keyboard.
7. topsy.com –A better search engine for twitter.
8. fb.me/AppStore –Search iOS apps without launching iTunes.
9. iconfinder.com –The best place to find icons of all sizes.
10. office.com –Download templates, clipart and images for your Office documents.
11. woorank.com –everything you wanted to know about a website.
12. virustotal.com –Scan any suspicious file or email attachment for viruses.
13. wolframalpha.com– Gets answers directly without searching .
14.printwhatyoulike.com– Print web pages without the clutter.
15. joliprint.com –Reformats news articles and blog content as a newspaper.
16. isnsfw.com – When you wish to share a NSFW page but with a warning.
17. eggtimer.com – A simple online timer for your daily needs.
18. coralcdn.org – If a site is down due to heavy traffic, try accessing it through coral CDN.
19. random.org – Pick random numbers, flip coins, and more.
20. mywot.com –Check the trust level of any website .
21. viewer.zoho.com –Preview PDFs and Presentations directly in the browser.
22. tubemogul.com –Simultaneously upload videos to YouTube and other video sites.
23. truveo.com – The best place for searching web videos.
24. scr.im – Share your email address online without worrying about spam.
25. spypig.com – Now get read receipts for your email.
26. sizeasy.com –Visualize and compare the size of any product.
27. whatfontis.com –quickly determine the font name from an image.
28. fontsquirrel.com –A good collection of fonts – free for personal and commercial use.
29. regex.info – Find data hidden in your photographs .
30. tineye.com – This is like an online version of Google Googles.
31. iwantmyname.com– Helps you search domains across allTLDs.
32. tabbloid.com –Your favorite blogs delivered as PDFs.
33. join. me – Share your screen with anyone over the web.
34. onlineocr.net –Recognize text from scanned PDFs and images – see other OCR tools.
35. flightstats.com –Track flight status at airports worldwide.
36. wetransfer.com –For sharing really big files online.
37. pastebin.com – A temporary onlineclipboard for your text and code snippets.
38.polishmywriting.com –Check your writing for spelling or grammatical errors.
39.awesomehighlighter.com– Easily highlight the important parts of a web page.
40. typewith.me –Work on the same document with multiple people.
41.whichdateworks.com –Planning an event? Find a date that works for all.
42. everytimezone.com– A less confusing view of the world time zones.
43. warrick.cs.odu.edu– You’ll need this when your bookmarked web pages are deleted.
44. gtmetrix.com – The perfect tool for measuring your site performance online.
45. imo.im – Chat with your buddies on Skype,Facebook, GoogleTalk, etc from one place.
46.translate.google.com– Translate web pages,PDFs and Office documents.
47. youtube.com/leanback – Sit back and enjoy YouTube videos in full-screen mode.
48. similarsites.com –Discover new sites that are similar to what you like already.
49. wordle.net – Quicksummarize long pieces of text with tag clouds.
50. bubbl.us – Create mind-maps, brainstorm ideas in the browser.
51. kuler.adobe.com –Get color ideas, also extract colors from photographs.
52. followupthen.com– Setup quick reminders via email itself.
53. lmgtfy.com – When your friends are too lazy to use Google on their own.
54. tempalias.com –Generate temporary email aliases, better than disposable email.
55. pdfescape.com –Lets you can quickly edit PDFs in the browser itself.
56. faxzero.com – Send an online fax for free– see more fax services.
57. feedmyinbox.com –Get RSS feeds as an email newsletter.
58. isendr.com –Transfer files without uploading to a server.
59. tinychat.com –Setup a private chatroom in micro-seconds.
60. privnote.com –Create text notes that will self-destruct after being read.
61. flightaware.com –Live flight tracking service for airports worldwide.
62. boxoh.com – Track the status of any shipment on Google Maps – alternative.
63. chipin.com – When you need to raise funds online for an event or a cause.
64.downforeveryoneorjustme.com
65. example.com – This website can be used as an example in documentation.
66.whoishostingthis.com –Find the web host of any website.
67. google.com/history– Found something on Google but can’t remember it now?
68.errorlevelanalysis.com– Find whether a photo is real or aphotoshopped one.
69. google.com/dictionary – Get word meanings, pronunciations and usage examples.
70.urbandictionary.com –Find definitions of slangs and informal words.
71. seatguru.com –Consult this site before choosing a seat for your next flight.
72. sxc.hu – Download stock images absolutely free.
73.download.com.np-Get all softwares.
74. wobzip.org – Unzip your compressed files online.
75. vocaroo.com –Record your voice with a click.
76. scribblemaps.com– Create custom Google Maps easily.
77. buzzfeed.com –Never miss another Internet meme or viral video.
78. alertful.com –Quickly setup email reminders for important events.
79.encrypted.google.com– Prevent your ISP and boss from reading your search queries.
80. formspring.me –You can ask or answer personal questions here.
81. snopes.com – Find if that email offer you received is real or just another scam.
82. typingweb.com –Master touch-typing with these practice sessions.
83. mailvu.com – Send video emails to anyone using your webcam.
84. ge.tt – Quickly send a file to someone,they can even preview it before downloading.
85. timerime.com –Create timelines with audio, video and images.
86. stupeflix.com –Make a movie out of your images, audio and video clips.
87. aviary.com/myna –An online audio editor that lets you record and remix audio clip.
88. noteflight.com –Print music sheets, write your own music online (review).
89.disposablewebpage.com– Create a temporary web page that self-destruct.
90. namemytune.com– When you need to find the name of a song.
91. homestyler.com –Design from scratch or re-model your home in3d.
92. snapask.com – Use email on your phone to find sports scores, read Wikipedia, etc.
93. teuxdeux.com – A beautiful to-do app that resembles a paper diary.
94. livestream.com –Broadcast events live over the web, including your desktop screen.
95. bing.com/images –Automatically find perfectly-sized wallpapers for mobiles.
96. historio.us –Preserve complete web pages with all the formatting.
97. dabbleboard.com –Your virtual whiteboard.
98. whisperbot.com –Send an email without using your own account.
99. sumopaint.com –An excellent layer-based online image editor.
100. lovelycharts.com– Create flowcharts, network diagrams, Sitemaps, etc.
101. nutshellmail.com– Get your Facebook and Twitter streams in your Inbox.
102.The Hype Machine -Web-based music discovery site based on the music posted to blogshttp://hypem.com/
103.SimpleWash -A site to help you clean up old content you may not want to show on your social media profiles anymore (currently Facebook only, Twitter is coming soon) SimpleWash™
104.ListenToYouTube.com -Converts YouTube videos to mp3sYouTube to MP3 Converter - Fast, Free - ListenToYouTube.com
105.PushBullet -Easily send notes, links, lists, files, etc. to your Android phonehttps://www.pushbullet.com/
New Features in Windows 8.1: What makes it better?
Microsoft is on its way to turn heads with the launch of the new Windows 8.1. In this update to the already existing Windows 8 operating system, a whole new range of features has been included. These features are aimed at improving the tablet/ PC using experience of the users. After the
previous version
of this OS was released in August, 2012, it faced a lot of praises as well as criticism from the users. It is believed that this has lead to this latest update. And finally there is good news for the Windows 8 users. They will get this new update for free.This OS is very easy to use as well as to install. But will it be any better than the original Windows 8? May be it is too soon to comment on that. So, below are some of the New Features in Windows 8.1 which are introduced.
Start button :It has been in the news that the Start button is going to come back with this update. But the truth is that it is not exactly the start button like in the case of Windows Vista/ XP/ 7 or others, rather it is a simple icon at the lower left of the display screen of your device. By simply clicking/ tapping on this button, you can zip back to the Windows 8 which uses tile user interface. Apart from this, the traditional right click options are still there as usual.
Universal search : One of the major drawbacks of Windows 8 was that while searching for documents/ files, the users had to specify exactly where they wanted to search i.e. folders, apps, files or settings. But in the new Windows 8.1, there is the facility to carry out universal search. This means that all you need to do is type what you want to search and all folders and files will be searched automatically. Apart from this, there is smart search which will make suggestions without the need to search an entire word or phrase.
Boot to desktop : For people without a PC, laptop or tablet, the tiled user interface of Windows 8 was not convenient to use on their computer systems. Due to this reason, the Windows 8.1 OS comes with an option during the time of booting using which bypass the tiled user interface and can get it opened on the desktop. Under the task and navigation properties menu, there is a box that you need to tick. Click on the box next to the “Go to the desktop instead of start when I sign in” and you will be redirected to the desktop automatically. In case you want to change this setting, you need to un- tick this box.
Find apps using the apps bar : Windows 8.1 comes with an app bar and you can use it by right clicking on the app screen with mouse or by swiping the bottom of screen upwards. This will open the list of apps and their functions. You can also pin these apps onto the taskbar.
Find libraries & charm : With Windows 7 came the library which showed all your contents and made them easy to access. Now, Windows 8.1 doesn’t show this folder and you need to click on View menu in order to access it. Another feature is the Charms. You can easily find it on the right side of the screen.
Alarm : You can set alarm by clicking on the start screen.
Customize the lock up screen using photos : While Windows 8 allowed you to set specific photos on the lock screen but Windows 8.1 allows you to set a whole series of pictures onto the lock screen as well.
Quick shutdown : Shutting down the system is the same in Windows 8.1 as that was in the previous versions but there are some new features here. This helps you in logging out of your account or shutting down your system without using the settings charm.
While these are few of the features in this Windows update, there are a whole bunch of other improved features as well.
Friday, 1 November 2013
How to Reset your Forgotten Windows Password using Windows Disk
Forgot your windows password? No worries, you can reset it now by few easy steps. The folowing articles is about recovering password with windows bootable disk. You can also recover your password by using third party tools.
You just need t follow the following steps.
1) Initially you must boot off the Windows disk and select the “Repair your computer” option from the lower left-hand corner.
First type the command to backup the original sticky keys file
copy c:\windows\system32\sethc.exe c:\
Then copy the command prompt executable (cmd.exe) over top of the sticky keys executable:
copy c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe c:\windows\system32\sethc.exe
Now PC must be rebooted.
4) Reset the password
Now open the login screen, and shift key must be clicked 5 times to get an administrator mode command prompt.
Now its time to reset the password- type the following command, replacing the username and password with the combination you want.
net user username NewPassword
5)Now you can put the original sethc.exe file back, which you can do by rebooting into the installation CD, opening the command prompt, and copying the c:\sethc.exe file back to
c:\windows\system32\sethc.exe.
copy c:\sethc.exe c:\windows\system32\
Now PC must be rebooted
Thursday, 31 October 2013
Android 4.4 KitKat: All the features that you need to know
Android version 4.4. KitKat is out for all Android fans and users with the Nexus devices are likely to get the update soon. What is even more interesting is that Google has ensured that version 4.4 runs comfortably on smartphones with 512 MB of RAM and thus even if you don’t have a top of the line of Android, you should be able to run 4.4. Of course all of this is dependent on the fact that whether you OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) will roll out the update but by ensuring that the OS runs even on lower end devices, Google has taken a much needed step. Google also says that they’ve reduced the memory consumption not just in Android but across Google apps like Chrome and YouTube as well which should bode well for both battery and speed.
So what’s new in version 4.4 KitKat:
1) The Ok Google command is here: This feature ensures that you don’t have to touch the screen to open the smartphone and do anything. Currently however the feature is only available on the Nexus 5 but hopefully it will roll out to other Nexus devices soon. The feature was already shown off in the Moto X smartphone. The feature allows users to use Google Now to set commands and do things like make a call, send an SMS, even play music. Users can link a set of keyword commands to Google Now search and the phone will do the rest. Also KitKat allows for interaction between users and the smartphone to improve search queries, so yes, Google Now will talk back to you when you give a command as well.
2) Hangouts all the way: Google has got rid of the SMS app and now everything is about Hangouts. Users can search across contacts, including Google Apps accounts. All your SMS and MMS messages will in this one place.
3) Immersive mode: There’s a new immersive mode, which automatically hides everything else when you’re reading, playing a game or watching a movie. To bring it all back, just swipe the edge of the screen and the status bar and navigation buttons will reappear.
4) An improved caller app: The new phone app automatically prioritises your contacts based on who you talk to the most. When you get a caller from an unknown number, Google Maps will search for matches from businesses with a local listing. How efficient this will be in India, remains to be seen.
5) Emoji: Google keyboard now has Emoji smileys in it as well. Good news for those who love these colourful Japanese characters.
6) Print from anywhere: Users can now print documents from phones. You will need to connect your printer to Google Cloud Print, or own an HP ePrint printer. Also other printers that have supporting apps in the Google Play Store will work.
7) Bluetooth MAP support: Got a bluetooth enabled car? Android now supports the Message Access Profile (MAP) so Bluetooth-enabled cars can exchange messages with your smartphone.
Android 4.4 supports ChromeCast as well, although you will need a device to project what you’re watching on your smartphone to your TV.
Netflix, YouTube, Hulu Plus, and Google Play are all supported by ChromeCast. Android 4.4′s Downloads app has also been redesigned as was predicted. It now gives users new sorting options and list and grid views for all the files downloaded.
Sunday, 27 October 2013
GPS என்றால் என்ன?
GPS என்றால் என்ன?
GPS (Global Positioning System ) என்ற வார்த்தையை நாம் இப்போது அடிக்கடி கேட்கிறோம். புவி இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு என்று தமிழில் அழைக்கப்படும் இது உலகத்தில் எந்த இடத்தையும் மிகத் துல்லியமாக வானில் செயற்கைக்கோள்கள் மூலம் கண்டறியும் கருவி ஆகும். இது பற்றிய சில தகவல்களை இந்த பதிவில் காண்போம்.
GPS (Global Positioning System ) என்ற புவி இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு, ஒவ்வொரு சுற்றிலும் குறைந்தது இரண்டு தடவைகள் உலகை சுற்றி வரும் செயற்கைக்கோள்கள் (man made stars-satellites) மூலம் தகவல்களை பயனாளிகளுக்கு தரும் முறையாகும். குறைந்தது மூன்று /நான்கிற்கு மேற்பட்ட கோள்கள் நமக்கு மேலே வந்து கொண்டிருக்கும். இந்த முறையில் 32 சாட்டிலைட்கள் செயலில் ஈடுபடுகின்றன. இவற்றில் 24 தொடர் இயக்கத்திலும்,சில பழுதடையும் போது பாவிக்கவும்,சில செயலில் ஈடுபடுத்த முடியாத நிலையிலும் உள்ளன. GPS முறையில் portable navigation devices, smartphone apps, GPS sports watches, sports shoes, maps , real-time services, HD Traffic, cars, ships, aircraft, OpenStreetMap (OSM) என பல வாங்கிகள் (Navigation Receiver) இயக்கப்படுகின்றன.
ConstellationGPS
அக்டோபர் 4, 1957 இல் அப்போதய சோவியத் யூனியன் உலகின் முதலாவது சாட்டிலையிட்டை (ஸ்பூட்னிக்) வானில் ஏவியது. அமெரிக்கா தனது முதல் சாட்டிலயிட்டை (Explorer 1 ) 1958 ஜனவரி 31 இல் வானில் ஏவியது.
மேற்சொன்ன வாங்கிகளுக்கு (Receiver), அமெரிக்காவின் GPS பொதுவாகப் முறை பயன்பட்டாலும், வேறு இரண்டு நாடுகளாலும் GPS முறையில் வேறு பல பாவனைகளுக்காக தனியாக இயக்கப்படுகின்றன. அவை,
(1) Global Positioning System (GPS) அமெரிக்காவும்,
(2) Global navigation satellite systems (GLONASS) ரஷ்யாவும்,
(3) ஐரோப்பாவின் Galileo, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
சீனாவின் Compass சரியாக இயங்கவில்லை.
நான் எங்கிருக்கிறேன், எங்கே போகிறேன், நீங்கள் எங்கிருக்கிறீர்கள், இலக்கை அடைய சரியான வழி, எப்போது அங்கே செல்வேன் போன்ற கேள்விகளுக்கும் பதில் தருவதன் மூலம் இடங்கள் குறித்த சரியான தகவல்களை நமக்கு இது காட்டுகிறது. குழந்தைகளை பெற்றோர் கண்டறியவும்,அவர்களை அறியாது கண்காணிக்கவும், அப்படி கண்டறிவதன் மூலம் அவர்களிடம் செல்லவும், பாதுகாப்பாக அழைத்து வரவும், தவறான செயல்களில் ஈடுபடாது தடுக்கவும் GPS ஐப் பயன்படுத்துகிறார்கள். அதே போல் இணையத்தளங்கள், சமூக தளங்கள் இணைய பயனாளிகள் எங்கிருந்து இணையத்திற்கு வருகிறார்கள் என்பதையும் GeoLocation மூலம் கண்டறிகிறார்கள்.
இந்த 32 கோள்களும்,நிலத்தில் இருந்துஏறக்குறைய 20,200 – 26,600 கிமீ தூரத்தில்,ஆறு நீள்வட்டப் பாதையில், 11500கிமீ வேகத்தில் உலகை சுற்றுகின்றன. நமது வன்பொருளை (Receiver) ஐ இயக்கும் போது,நமக்கு மேலே உள்ள நான்கு கோள்களில் இருந்து தரவு சமிக்ஞைகளை carrier waves மூலம் பெற்றுக் கொள்கிறது.(carrier Frequencies, Digital Codes மற்றும் Navigation Message போன்றவை உள்ளடக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது)
1960 இல் அமெரிக்க பாதுகாப்பு துறையினரால் சோதனை முயற்சியாக ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்டு, 1970 இல் தரையில் இருந்தும் (The ground-based Omega Navigation System),
பின்னர் 1978 பெப்ரவரி 22 இல் சோதனை செயற்கைகோள் அனுப்பப்பட்டும்,1993 டிசம்பர்(08.12.1993 )முதல் 24 கோள்களுடன் செயல்பட ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்டு,17.07.1995 முதல் முழு செயல்பாட்டிற்கும் கொண்டுவரப்படுவதாக அமெரிக்க பாதுகாப்புத்துறை (DOD) அறிவித்தது. 2012 இல் 32 கோள்களாக உயர்ந்த இவை, 55 பாகை (degree) சாய்வாக, பூமியை சுற்றிவர எடுக்கும் நேரம், 11 மணி 58 நிமிடங்களாகும்..
இந்த GPS முறை மூன்று பிரிவுகளாக செயல்படுகிறது.
Space segment
Control segment
User segment
இதில் Space segment என்பது வானில் இயங்கும் செயற்கைகோள்கள் இருக்கும் பகுதி.
அடுத்து உள்ள Control segment பூமியில் இருந்து செயற்கை கோள்களின் இயங்கு பாதை, அவற்றின் செயல் போன்றவற்றை கட்டுபடுத்த இயங்கும் பகுதி.
User segment பகுதி தான் நம்மிடம் இருக்கும் கருவிகள். இவற்றின் மூலம் நாம் ஒரு இடத்தை பற்றி தெளிவாக அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம். கார், மொபைல்போன் உட்பட பல கருவிகளில் Map navigation வசதியாக இது தான் உள்ளது.
map
Distance = Velocity*Time என்ற அலகை வைத்து இவை கணக்கிடப்படுகிறது. இதில் GPS signal இன் Velocity ஒளியின் வேகமான 300,000 Km/s இலும், GPS transmissions frequencies 1575.42 and 1227.60 Mhz ஆகவும் (L-Band இல்) இருக்கும்.இவை Trilateration என்ற முக்கோண வடிவிலான முறையில் செயல்படுகின்றன.கோள்களில் Atomic Clocks பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
இது தவிர தற்போது அமெரிக்காவில் இயங்கும், GPS இன் Wide Area Augmentation System -WAAS- இன் செயல்முறை மிகத் துல்லியமாக கணக்கிடுகிறது. இது விமானங்கள், aircraft, போன்றவற்றுக்குப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
GPS (Global Positioning System ) என்ற வார்த்தையை நாம் இப்போது அடிக்கடி கேட்கிறோம். புவி இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு என்று தமிழில் அழைக்கப்படும் இது உலகத்தில் எந்த இடத்தையும் மிகத் துல்லியமாக வானில் செயற்கைக்கோள்கள் மூலம் கண்டறியும் கருவி ஆகும். இது பற்றிய சில தகவல்களை இந்த பதிவில் காண்போம்.
GPS (Global Positioning System ) என்ற புவி இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு, ஒவ்வொரு சுற்றிலும் குறைந்தது இரண்டு தடவைகள் உலகை சுற்றி வரும் செயற்கைக்கோள்கள் (man made stars-satellites) மூலம் தகவல்களை பயனாளிகளுக்கு தரும் முறையாகும். குறைந்தது மூன்று /நான்கிற்கு மேற்பட்ட கோள்கள் நமக்கு மேலே வந்து கொண்டிருக்கும். இந்த முறையில் 32 சாட்டிலைட்கள் செயலில் ஈடுபடுகின்றன. இவற்றில் 24 தொடர் இயக்கத்திலும்,சில பழுதடையும் போது பாவிக்கவும்,சில செயலில் ஈடுபடுத்த முடியாத நிலையிலும் உள்ளன. GPS முறையில் portable navigation devices, smartphone apps, GPS sports watches, sports shoes, maps , real-time services, HD Traffic, cars, ships, aircraft, OpenStreetMap (OSM) என பல வாங்கிகள் (Navigation Receiver) இயக்கப்படுகின்றன.
ConstellationGPS
அக்டோபர் 4, 1957 இல் அப்போதய சோவியத் யூனியன் உலகின் முதலாவது சாட்டிலையிட்டை (ஸ்பூட்னிக்) வானில் ஏவியது. அமெரிக்கா தனது முதல் சாட்டிலயிட்டை (Explorer 1 ) 1958 ஜனவரி 31 இல் வானில் ஏவியது.
மேற்சொன்ன வாங்கிகளுக்கு (Receiver), அமெரிக்காவின் GPS பொதுவாகப் முறை பயன்பட்டாலும், வேறு இரண்டு நாடுகளாலும் GPS முறையில் வேறு பல பாவனைகளுக்காக தனியாக இயக்கப்படுகின்றன. அவை,
(1) Global Positioning System (GPS) அமெரிக்காவும்,
(2) Global navigation satellite systems (GLONASS) ரஷ்யாவும்,
(3) ஐரோப்பாவின் Galileo, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
சீனாவின் Compass சரியாக இயங்கவில்லை.
நான் எங்கிருக்கிறேன், எங்கே போகிறேன், நீங்கள் எங்கிருக்கிறீர்கள், இலக்கை அடைய சரியான வழி, எப்போது அங்கே செல்வேன் போன்ற கேள்விகளுக்கும் பதில் தருவதன் மூலம் இடங்கள் குறித்த சரியான தகவல்களை நமக்கு இது காட்டுகிறது. குழந்தைகளை பெற்றோர் கண்டறியவும்,அவர்களை அறியாது கண்காணிக்கவும், அப்படி கண்டறிவதன் மூலம் அவர்களிடம் செல்லவும், பாதுகாப்பாக அழைத்து வரவும், தவறான செயல்களில் ஈடுபடாது தடுக்கவும் GPS ஐப் பயன்படுத்துகிறார்கள். அதே போல் இணையத்தளங்கள், சமூக தளங்கள் இணைய பயனாளிகள் எங்கிருந்து இணையத்திற்கு வருகிறார்கள் என்பதையும் GeoLocation மூலம் கண்டறிகிறார்கள்.
இந்த 32 கோள்களும்,நிலத்தில் இருந்துஏறக்குறைய 20,200 – 26,600 கிமீ தூரத்தில்,ஆறு நீள்வட்டப் பாதையில், 11500கிமீ வேகத்தில் உலகை சுற்றுகின்றன. நமது வன்பொருளை (Receiver) ஐ இயக்கும் போது,நமக்கு மேலே உள்ள நான்கு கோள்களில் இருந்து தரவு சமிக்ஞைகளை carrier waves மூலம் பெற்றுக் கொள்கிறது.(carrier Frequencies, Digital Codes மற்றும் Navigation Message போன்றவை உள்ளடக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது)
1960 இல் அமெரிக்க பாதுகாப்பு துறையினரால் சோதனை முயற்சியாக ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்டு, 1970 இல் தரையில் இருந்தும் (The ground-based Omega Navigation System),
பின்னர் 1978 பெப்ரவரி 22 இல் சோதனை செயற்கைகோள் அனுப்பப்பட்டும்,1993 டிசம்பர்(08.12.1993 )முதல் 24 கோள்களுடன் செயல்பட ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்டு,17.07.1995 முதல் முழு செயல்பாட்டிற்கும் கொண்டுவரப்படுவதாக அமெரிக்க பாதுகாப்புத்துறை (DOD) அறிவித்தது. 2012 இல் 32 கோள்களாக உயர்ந்த இவை, 55 பாகை (degree) சாய்வாக, பூமியை சுற்றிவர எடுக்கும் நேரம், 11 மணி 58 நிமிடங்களாகும்..
இந்த GPS முறை மூன்று பிரிவுகளாக செயல்படுகிறது.
Space segment
Control segment
User segment
இதில் Space segment என்பது வானில் இயங்கும் செயற்கைகோள்கள் இருக்கும் பகுதி.
அடுத்து உள்ள Control segment பூமியில் இருந்து செயற்கை கோள்களின் இயங்கு பாதை, அவற்றின் செயல் போன்றவற்றை கட்டுபடுத்த இயங்கும் பகுதி.
User segment பகுதி தான் நம்மிடம் இருக்கும் கருவிகள். இவற்றின் மூலம் நாம் ஒரு இடத்தை பற்றி தெளிவாக அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம். கார், மொபைல்போன் உட்பட பல கருவிகளில் Map navigation வசதியாக இது தான் உள்ளது.
map
Distance = Velocity*Time என்ற அலகை வைத்து இவை கணக்கிடப்படுகிறது. இதில் GPS signal இன் Velocity ஒளியின் வேகமான 300,000 Km/s இலும், GPS transmissions frequencies 1575.42 and 1227.60 Mhz ஆகவும் (L-Band இல்) இருக்கும்.இவை Trilateration என்ற முக்கோண வடிவிலான முறையில் செயல்படுகின்றன.கோள்களில் Atomic Clocks பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
இது தவிர தற்போது அமெரிக்காவில் இயங்கும், GPS இன் Wide Area Augmentation System -WAAS- இன் செயல்முறை மிகத் துல்லியமாக கணக்கிடுகிறது. இது விமானங்கள், aircraft, போன்றவற்றுக்குப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
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